Eger de fantastıkalyq shyǵarmalardaǵy «ýaqyt mashınasy» jasalyp, osy maqalada keltirilgen formýlalardy ejelgi zaman halqynyń kez kelgenine tartý etýge múmkindik týsa, sol adamnyń álgi eldiń patshasynan syılyq retinde «at basyndaı altyn» alary daýsyz bolar edi (Jýrnalıst dosymnyń ázilge bergisiz shyndyǵy).
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Shyǵys Karolına ýnıversıtetiniń (AQSh) elektrondyq aqparat júıesinde álemdik kúntizbe máselesin zertteıtin jáne talqylaıtyn arnaıy forým bar (USA, East Carolina University Calendar Discussion List By). Esimderi álemge tanymal kóptegen ǵalymdar, astronomdar, programmıster sol forýmǵa múshe. Bul forýmǵa kúlli túrki jurtynyń jalǵyz ókili bolyp osy joldardyń avtory ǵana tirkelgen. Arnaıy kásibı bilimi joq qatardaǵy oqyrman qaýym bul maqaladaǵy sandar, teńdeý júıeleri men kestelerdiń mánin túsinbeýi múmkin. Biraq álgi forým músheleri bul esepterdiń neni bildiretinin birden ańdaıtyn kásipqoılar.
Kóldeneń kók attylardyń bul forýmda dilmarsýyna jol berilmeıdi. Ondaılar mádenıetti túrde dereý óz ornyna qoıylady nemese endigári bul forýmǵa kirmeıtindeı etilip masqara etiledi. Qysqasy, bul forým «bilimim bar» degen ózine senimdi azamattardyń naǵyz synǵa túsip, shyńdalyp shyǵatyn ǵylymı ortasy dep aıtýǵa bolady. Tek 2014 jylǵy 7 aqpan men 30 shilde arasyndaǵy osy ǵalymdarmen bolǵan pikirtalastyń ózi (árıne, aǵylshyn tilinde) 59 betti qurapty. Bul jazbalardan áýelde «beıshara nomad-tyń urpaǵy ne biledi deısiń?!» dep mensinbeýden bastalǵan synap-mineýlerdiń sońy, birte-birte avtordyń jańalyǵy mol jobalaryn «moıyndaýmen, maquldaýmen» jáne odan keıingi ýaqytta sheshýi qıyn kúrdeli máselelerdi aqyldasyp turýmen aıaqtalatynyn kórýge bolady…
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Ókinishke qaraı, bul shaǵyn maqalaǵa sońǵy 29 jyl boıyna zerttegen materıaldarymyzdy túgel syıǵyzý múmkin bolmady. Jazý jolyn únemdeý úshin tipti ádebıetterge silteme jasaýdan da bas tartyp otyrmyz. Zertteýlerimizdiń «jańalyq» dep aıtýǵa turarlyq eń tańdaýlylaryn jan-jaqty sıpattaýǵa da gazet beti tarlyq etti. Osynyń ózi zertteý jumystarymyzdyń bir ǵylymı kitapqa júk bolatynyn baıqatsa kerek. Sonaý 1985 jyldary «Qazaqtyń ulttyq kúntizbesi» degen qarapaıym taqyryppen bastalǵan zertteý jumystarymyz, ýaqyt óte kele ǵalamdyq sheńberdegi kúntizbeler taqyrybymen tyǵyz baılanysyp ketti. Tarıhtary osydan 6-7 myń jyldar buryn bastalǵan ejelgi kúntizbelerdiń ishinde, qurylymy men qarapaıymdylyǵy jaǵynan eń ozyǵy ejelgi túrkilerge deıin – saqtar dáýirinde oılap tabylǵan (bizdiń boljamymyz) «Toǵys esebi» bolyp shyqqanyn maqtanyshpen aıtýymyzǵa bolady.
Qazirgi kezde 266-shy Rım Papasy Franısk qyzmet etip jatyr. Áıtse de, osy papalardyń ishinde 234-shi Grıgorıı XV (1554-1623) papanyń esimi eń tanymal ári óte jıi aıtylady. Nege? Onyń bul qurmetke ıe bolýyna – 1582 jyly qazirgi Grıgorıı (Eýropa) kúntizbesin endirýi sebepshi bolyp otyr…
Toǵys esebimen bir derlikte qazirgi ýaqytta álem halyqtary biryńǵaı túrde paıdalanatyn – Kún jáne Aı kúntizbeleri de nazardan tys qalǵan joq. Bularǵa arnalǵan keshendi jobany «Eýrazııa kúntizbesi» dep atadyq. Ásirese osy jobanyń bir nusqasy bolyp tabylatyn «Shamsı-Nur» kúntizbesin de Qazaqstan Respýblıkasy úshin balama joba retinde usynýǵa bolady. Elimizde Islam dini keń qanat jaıyp kele jatqandyqtan, memleketimiz resmı emes túrde arabtyń 30 jyldyq ıkline negizdelgen Aı (Qamarı) kúntizbesin qoldanyp keledi. Onyń aıqyn dáleli Aı kúntizbesi boıynsha Qurban aıt meıramynyń resmı mereke retinde bekitilýi dep aıta alamyz. «Shamsı-Nur» kúntizbesiniń bir qanatyn quraıtyn jańa sıpattaǵy Aı kúntizbesiniń dáldigi 2 mıllıon jylǵa eseptelip jasalǵan. Al Kún (Shamsı-Nur) kúntizbesiniń dáldigi osy joldardyń avtory eseptep shyǵarǵan 3712 jyldyq «Eýrazııalyq kúntizbe» ıkline negizdelgen. Ýaqyt esebin múlde jańa arnaǵa túsiretin bul jobalar álemge aty tanymal sheteldik ǵalymdardyń synaǵynan ótip, úlken baǵaǵa ıe boldy. Ony reti kelgende basqa maqalamyzda baıandaımyz.
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Nege ekeni belgisiz, adamzat órkenıetiniń eń bastapqy kezeńderinde paıda bolǵan ejelgi kúntizbelerdiń bári derlik – Jerden birneshe júz mıllıardtaǵan shaqyrymǵa ornalasqan, qashyqtyǵy tek jaryq jylymen esepteletin alys juldyzdarǵa baǵyttalypty. Máselen, eń ejelgi dep esepteletin Mysyr (Egıpet) kúntizbesi – Sırıýs (Súmbile) juldyzyna, ejelgi shýmer, maııa, atek, ejelgi grek, ejelgi rım, úndi, qytaı, saq-túrik jáne t.b. ejelgi halyqtardyń kúntizbeleri – Úrker (Pleıady) juldyz shoǵyryna negizdelipti. Bizderdi ejelgi halyqtar nelikten juldyzdarǵa, sonyń ishinde «Úrkerge» negizdelgen kúntizbelerdi paıdalandy degen suraq qyzyqtyrdy. Sol sebepti zertteýlerimizdiń deni osy juldyzdyq kúntizbelerdiń syryn ashýǵa baǵyttalǵanyn birden aıtyp ótkimiz keledi.
ÚRKER – Torpaq shoqjuldyzyndaǵy galaktıkalyq shashyrandy juldyz shoǵyry. Torpaq shoqjuldyzynyń ózi – eklıptıka boıyna ornalasqan 12 shoqjuldyzdyń bireýi. Úrker juldyz shoǵyrynda shamamen 3000 juldyz bar dep esepteledi. Sharl Messe shashyrandy juldyz shoǵyrynyń ornyn anyqtap, ony óz katalogyna «M45» degen ataýmen engizdi. Budan ári oqyrman qaýymǵa túsinikti bolýy úshin kúrdeli astronomııalyq termınderdi qarapaıym qazaq sózimen jetkizýge tyrysamyz. Kózi qaraqty adamdar Úrkerdiń 14 jaryq juldyzyn, al bylaıǵy jurt 5-6 juldyzyn kóre alady. Saq-túrki qaýymy ár fazasyndaǵy Aı tabaǵynyń Úrker juldyz shoǵyryn basyp ótýine negizdelgen juldyzdyq kúntizbeni «Toǵys esebi» dep ataǵan (1 sýret).
Jalpy «eklıptıka» sózin astronomııa ǵylymynda «Kúnniń jyl boıyna aspan ekvatoryndaǵy júrip ótetin joly» dep ataıdy. Osyǵan qarap eklıptıka sózi (lat. «esliptica», grek. «ekleipsis») áldebir «syzyq, jol» degendi bildiredi deseńiz, qatty qatelesesiz. Eklıptıka sózi – «tutylý» dep aýdarylady. Iaǵnı, ejelgi zamanda Aı men Kúnniń tutylýyn baqylaý kezinde – ártúrli fazasyndaǵy Aı tabaǵynyń eklıptıka syzyǵynyń soltústigine 4 gradýstaı taıaý ornalasqan Úrkerdi basyp ótetin «toǵysý» qubylysy (pokrytıe/otkrytıe Pleıady Lýnoı) anyqtalǵan. Odan ári baqylaý nátıjesinde Aı men Úrkerdiń toǵysýynyń Jerdegi jyl maýsymdarynyń aýysýymen tyǵyz baılanysy bar ekendigi baıqalǵan. Juldyzdyq 28 kún jer betindegi ósimdik, jan-janýar jáne adamnyń ósip-damýymen tyǵyz baılanysty bolyp shyǵady. Osy sebepti kúlli álem halyqtary juldyzdyq kúntizbeni tańdaǵan bolsa kerek dep boljaımyz:
1) 28 × 4 = 112 kúnde dándi daqyl, jemis-jıdekterdiń deni pisip-jetiledi.
2) 28 × 7 = 196 kúnde mal-janýarlar men haıýanattar kúılep-tóldeıdi.
3) 28 × 10 = 280 kúnde adam balasy jatyrda jetilip, dúnıege keledi.
Áıtse de Úndiniń ejelgi astronomııalyq jazbalarynda adamzat balasyn Jerge ornalastyrǵan «qudaılar» Úrker (Krıttıka) juldyz shoǵyrynan kelgen dep mańdaıdan soqqandaı «badyraıyp» jazylǵan. Qalaı bolǵanda da, ejelgi halyqtardyń jappaı Aı men Úrkerdiń «toǵysý qubylysyn» óz kúntizbeleriniń negizine alýynda, biz áli baıybyna jetpegen bir qupııa bolsa kerek dep oılaımyz. Endi ejelgi juldyzdyq kúntizbeler júıesiniń negizine alynǵan úsh ýaqyt mólsherin keltiremiz. Olar:
1) Juldyzdyq (sıderlik) jyl – 365,25636042 nemese 365 kún 6 saǵat 9 mınýt 9,54 sekýnd.
2) Sıderlik (juldyzdyq) aı – 27,321661 nemese 27 kún 7 saǵat 43 mınýt 11,51 sekýnd.
3) Sıderlik (juldyzdyq) jyl – 27,321661 × 13 aı = 355,181593 nemese 355 kún 4 saǵat 21 mınýt 29,64 sekýnd. Bul úshinshi mólsher ǵylymı aınalysqa tuńǵysh ret engizilip otyr.
Budan árgi jerde shataspas úshin «jyl» mólsherin – juldyzdyq jyl, al «aı» mólsherin – sıderlik (toǵys) aı jáne osy aıdan paıda bolatyn jyldy – sıderlik (toǵys) jyl dep ataımyz.
Ejelgi zamandaǵy juldyzdyq kúntizbelerde kóp shatasýlardyń oryn alýyna úsh jaǵdaı áser etken dep esepteımiz. Olar:
1) Joǵarydaǵy úsh shamanyń astronomııalyq dál mólsheri belgisiz boldy;
2) Bir kún jylynda bolatyn 13 toǵysýdyń ekeýi soltústik jáne ońtústik jarty sharlarda kórinbeı, ýaqyt esebi jylǵa tolmaı úzilip qalyp otyrdy. Sol sebepti ejelgi maııalardyń kúntizbesindegi jyl 260 (273) kúnge, ejelgi rımde 304 kúnge jáne t.t. teń boldy.
3) Aı men Úrkerdiń «toǵysýyn» dál esepteýden góri, ásire boıamalaý, bul qubylysty mıstıkaǵa aınaldyrý basym boldy.
Osy sebepterge baılanysty juldyzdarǵa negizdelgen kúntizbeler birte-birte umytylyp, olardy jyl on eki aı boıy kórinip turatyn qazirgi kúni bizder qoldanatyn Kún (Shamsı-Grıgorıan) kúntizbesi men sınodtyq (týar) aı jáne taza Aı (Qamarı) kúntizbesi almastyrdy.
1) Tropıktik (Kúndik) jyl – 365,2421896698 ne 365 kún 5 saǵat 48 mınýt 45,19 sekýnd (2000 jyly ǵylymı túrde anyqtalǵan tropıktik jyl mólsheri);
2) Sınodtyq (týar) aı – 29,5305882 nemese 29 kún 12 saǵat 44 mınýt 2,82 sekýnd;
3) Sınodtyq (týar) jyl – 29,5305882 × 12 aı = 354,3670584 nemese 354 kún 8 saǵat 48 mınýt 33,85 sekýnd.
Keıingi zamanda juldyzdyq kúntizbelerdi zertteýshiler, bul ýaqyt júıesiniń qurylymyn durys túsine (mıstıka men shyndyqty ajyrata) almaǵandyqtan, ony ábden shatastyryp, kúrish pen kúrmek mı botqadaı aralasyp ketkenine kózimiz jetti. Sol sebepti otyz jylǵa jýyq ýaqytymyz kúrishti bir bólek, kúrmekti bir bólek jınastyrýǵa jumsaldy. Aqyr sońynda juldyzdyq kúntizbelerdiń júıesin uǵynýǵa qol jetkizdik.
Joǵarydaǵy ejelgi halyqtardyń ishinde shyndyqqa barynsha jaqyn bolǵandary – ejelgi shýmerler, joıylyp ketken maııa-atek taıpalary, ejelgi grekter jáne saq-túrik taıpalary dep nyq senimmen aıtýǵa bolady. Basqa ejelgi halyqtardyń bári derlik 13 sıderlik (juldyzdyq) aıdan kem bolmaıtyn mólsherdi 12 aıǵa «syıǵyzýǵa» árekettenip jáne jyldyń basyn múlde «qolaısyz» 1qańtardan bastap qatty shatasqan. Bul jerde eýropalyqtardyń «13» sanynan ólerdeı qorqatyn yrymshyldyǵy da óz áserin tıgizbeı qoımady. Ony alysqa barmaı-aq, búgingi kúni álemdik resmı kúntizbe retinde qoldanylatyn Grıgorıı (Eýropa) kúntizbesiniń «atasy» bolyp esepteletin ejelgi rım kúntizbesiniń júıesinen kórýge bolady. Ejelgi rım kúntizbesinde qysqa jyl «355 kún», al uzyn jyl «377-378 kún» bolǵany belgili. Ejelgi rımdikter Úrkerdi «Vırgılııa» dep ataǵan.
1901 jyly Grekııada teńiz túbinen tabylǵan «Antıkıter mehanızmi» (grekshe Μηχανισμός των Αντικυθήρων)) ejelgi zamannyń (b.z.d. 150 jyl) tuńǵysh astronomııalyq kompıýteri dep esepteledi. Antıkıter mehanızmin muqııat zertteý nátıjesinde, onyń negizine 19 jylda bir qaıtalanyp otyratyn 235 sınodtyq (týar) aı jáne 254 sıderlik (toǵys) aı esepke alynǵany málim bolyp otyr (2-sýret). 2001 jyly Germanııadaǵy Nebra eldi mekeninen (Leıpıgten batysqa qaraı 60 km ornalasqan Saksonııa-Anhalt jeri) tabylǵan «Aspan dıskisinde» (Nebesnyı dısk ız Nebry) jetilik jáne tolyq Aı tabaǵynyń Úrkerdi basyp ótip bara jatqan kezi beınelengen. Bul tańǵajaıyp artefakt b.z.d. 1600-1560 jj jasalǵan dep sanalady (3-sýret).
Ejelgi maııa kúntizbesinde 13 aıdan turatyn 260 kúndik kúntizbe bolǵan. Eger aı saıyn 1 kún oısha qosylyp otyrsa, onda 13 aıda 273 kún bolǵan bolar edi. Sondaı-aq ejelgi rım kúntizbesiniń negizinde qalyptasqan qazirgi aılar júıesiniń alǵashqy 9 aıy da 273 kúnge teń bolyp shyǵady (31 + 28 + 31 + 30 + 31 +30 + 31 + 31 + 30 = 273 kún). Bul 10 sıderlik (toǵys) aıǵa (27,3 × 10 = 273 kún) teń ýaqyt bolyp shyǵady. Munyń bárin jaı kezdeısoqtyq dep aıtýǵa bolmaıdy…
Joǵaryda aıtqan úsh sebep (astronomııalyq mólsherlerdiń belgisiz bolýy) Toǵys esebine janama túrde kóptegen amaldardyń (mysaly «jeti amal» jáne t.t.) paıda bolýyna áser etti. Toǵys esebiniń júıesin durys uǵyný kezinde, tek taza ǵylymı anyqtamalarǵa súıenip, birshama kúrish pen kúrmekti bólip ajyratýǵa kóp kúsh-jiger jumsaǵanymyzdy aıta ketpesek bolmaıdy. Toǵys esebin basqa juldyzdyq kúntizbeler sııaqty shatasyp ketýden aman alyp qalǵan jaı – ata-babalarymyzdyń 13 sanynan qoryqpaýy boldy. Iaǵnı «toǵysý aıyn» 28 kún etip dóńgelektep alyp, ony 13 aıǵa kóbeıtkende, nátıjesinde 364 kún paıda bolady (28 kún × 13 aı = 364 kún). Bir kúntizbe arqyly – Úrker juldyz shoǵyry, Aıdy jáne Kúndi biriktirgen mundaı klassıkalyq úlgige qalaı tańdanbassyń!
Biraq, ókinishke qaraı, Toǵys esebiniń 13 aılyq júıesi taǵdyr tálkegine ushyrady. Áýeli 1849 jyly franýz fılosofy Ogıýst Kont Ortalyq Azııany zertteýshilerdiń eńbeginen 13 aılyq kúntizbeni «menshiktep» alyp – ózi jasaǵan kúntizbe retinde álemge jar saldy. 1954 jyly BUU osy 13 aılyq júıeni álemdik kúntizbeniń bir úlgisi retinde talqylaýǵa usyndy. «Oý, jarandar, bul ejelgi túrkilerdiń kúntizbe júıesi ǵoı» degen bir ǵalym bolmady. 2000 jyldyń basynan bastap «Sımmetrııa-454» kúntizbesiniń avtory, Kanadadaǵy Toronto ýnıversıtetiniń professory Irvın Bromberg 13 aılyq «Toǵys esebin» 12 aı etip ishteı ózgertip (28 + 28 + 35 = 91 × 4 = 364 kún) óz ıdeıasy etip usynyp otyr. Ol az deseńiz 2012 jyly Saılybaı Bekbolatov degen azamat budan myńdaǵan jyldar buryn jasalǵan 13 aılyq «Toǵys esebi» kúntizbesiniń júıesin 1 kún qosyp ózgertip, «máńgilik qazaq kalendary» dep ataýmen shektelmeı, óz jobasy retinde tusaýkeser ótkizip, búkil elge jar saldy.
H.Ábishevtiń «Aspan syry» (Almaty, 1966-2009), A.Mashanovtyń «Ǵajaıyp ot oshaǵynda» (Almaty, 1978) jáne M.Isqaqovtyń «Halyq kalendary» (Almaty, 1980) atty kitaptarynda – 13 aılyq «Toǵys esebi» týraly halyq aýzynan jazyp alynǵan birshama durys derekter keltirilgen. Biraq, ókinishke qaraı, bul úsh kitapta da Toǵys esebine tereń matematıkalyq taldaý jumystary júrgizilmegen. Bul taldaýdy bizder júrgizgende, mynadaı qyzyq zańdylyqty baıqadyq. Toǵys esebiniń qarapaıym matematıkalyq teorııasy:
28 kún × 13 aı = 364 kún × 3 jyl =1092 kún ÷ 4 jyl = 273 kún
28 kún × 39 aı = 1092 kún ÷ 40 aı = 27,3 kún.
Mine, osy qarapaıym teńdeý júıesine oraı tilimizde «Qyrqyna shydap – qyryq birine shydamapty» degen mátel (qanatty sóz) qalyptasqan. Rasynda da 41-shi aıda 365 kúndik jyldyń ýaqyt esebi «buzylyp» ketedi:
28 kún × 40 aı = 1120 kún ÷ 41 aı = 27,317 kún.
1120 kún ÷ 3 jyl = 373,33 kún – 8 kún = 365 kún (ıaǵnı 8 kún artyq bolady).
Toǵys kúntizbesi ishinara myna teńdeýmen túzetilip otyrǵan dep boljaımyz:
765 kún ÷ 28 kún = 27,32142857 nemese 27 kún 7 saǵat 42 mınýt 51,43 sekýnd.
Toǵys esebin odan ári taldaý, tómendegi eki teńdeý júıesin qurady:
Tek juldyzdyq jylmen baılanysty birinshi teńdeý júıesi:
1) 39 jyl × 4 ıkl = 156 jyl
2) 56 980 kún ÷ 156 jyl = 365,2564103 nemese 365 kún 6 saǵat 9 mınýt 13,85 sekýnd (qazirgi mólsherden 0,00005 nemese 4,31 sekýnd qana artyq)
3) 56 980 kún ÷ 2035 aı = 28 kún ÷ 4 apta = 7 kúndik apta
Barlyq ýaqyt mólsherimen baılanysty ekinshi teńdeý júıesi:
1) 765 kún × 202 ıkl = 154 530 kún – 26 kún = 154 504 kún
2) 154 504 kún ÷ 423 jyl = 365,2576832 nemese 365 kún 6 saǵat 11 mınýt 3,83 sekýnd (qazirgi mólsherden 0,001323 nemese 1 mınýt 54,29 sekýnd artyq)
3) 154 504 kún ÷ 435 jyl = 355,1816092 kún ÷ 13 aı = 27,321662 kún
4) 154 504 kún ÷ 436 jyl = 354,3669725 kún ÷ 12 aı = 29,530581 kún
5) 154 504 kún ÷ 5518 aı = 28 kún ÷ 4 apta = 7 kúndik apta
6) 28 × 13 aı = 364 kún × 424 jyl = 154 336 kún + 168 kún = 154 504 kún
Ejelgi saq-túrki qaýymynyń tek búgingi kúni málim bolyp otyrǵan bul teńdeý júıeleri ejelgi «qarańǵy túnek» dáýir úshin úlken ǵylymı jetistik bolyp esepteletinin moıyndamaý múmkin emes!
Toǵys esebi nelikten jyl basy bolyp esepteletin 21-22 naýryzdan bastalmaı, eki aıdan keıin bolatyn mamyr aıynan bastalǵan?
Mamyr aıynyń orta sheninde «astronomııalyq jańa aı» nemese qazaqsha «óliara aı» (Aıdyń 30 ne 29 kúni nemese aıdyń 1 jańasy) Úrkerdi basyp ótken túni – Toǵys esebi bastalyp, ol 1 toǵys aıy dep atalady. Odan keıingi toǵys aılarynyń basynda bul kúnder kóbinese taq kúnderge (27, 25, 23, 21, 19, 17 … 9, 7, 5, 3 fazalary nemese 1 toǵys aıy, 27 toǵys aıy, 25 toǵys aıy, 23 toǵys aıy … 9 toǵys aıy, 7 toǵys aıy, 5 toǵys aıy, 3 toǵys aıy) sáıkes kelip, 2 kúndik aıyrmashylyqpen kerisinshe eseptelip kemı beredi. Munyń sebebi týar (sınodtyq) aıdan toǵys (sıderlik – juldyzdyq) aıy 2 kúndeı qysqa: 29,5305882 – 27,321661 = 2 kún 5 saǵat 51,31 sekýndqa kem bolady. Osy sebepti keıde toǵys aılarynyń basy aıdyń jup sandyq fazalaryna (28, 26, 24 … 10, 8, 6, 4, 2) sáıkes kelip qalsa da, taq san retinde eseptele beredi. Saq-Túrki jurtynyń kóregendigi men ǵulamalyǵy jyldyń basyn mamyr aıynan bastaýynda jáne aı ataýlaryn aı fazalarynyń sáıkes keletin kún sanymen ataýynda dep kesip aıtýǵa bolady (4-sýret). Óıtkeni basqa jurttar osyny ańǵarmaı kóp shatasqan…
Osy arada aıta ketetin bir nárse – 27,321661 kúnge teń sıderlik aı 28 kúnnen 16 saǵat 16 mınýt 48,49 sekýnd qysqa bolǵandyqtan, Toǵys esebiniń 364 kúndik jyly 355 kúndik juldyzdyq jyldan shamamen 9 kún (Toǵyz – Toǵys) artyq bolyp shyǵady. Sol sebepti – saq-túrki qaýymy tómendegi úsh kúnniń bireýin sáıkes kelýine qaraı toǵys aıynyń basy dep eseptegen. Ejelgi rımde bul kúnderdi «non», «ıd» jáne «kalend» («kalendar» degen sóz osy sózge qatysty paıda bolǵan) dep ataǵan bolsa kerek:
1) Aıdyń tabaǵy Úrkerdiń qarsy aldyna kelgen kúnin «aýyl-úı qondy» dep ataǵan. Qazirgi astronomııada bul kúndi «prıbytıe» dep ataýǵa bolady (ázirge ataýy joq);
2) Aıdyń tabaǵy Úrkerdi japqan kúnin «toǵysty» dep ataǵan. Qazirgi astronomııada bul kúndi «pokrytıe» dep ataıdy;
3) Aıdyń tabaǵy Úrkerdiń artyna shyqqan kúnin «órip shyqty» dep ataǵan. Qazirgi astronomııada bul kúndi «otkrytıe» dep ataıdy.
Eger Úrker men Aıdyń toǵysýy 40 kún boıyna kórinbeı ketse, jańa sıpattaǵy Toǵys esebi de burynǵy kúntizbeler sııaqty qatelikke ushyramaı ma degen suraq týyndaıdy.
Atamyz qazaq – Úrker 40 kún boıyna aspanda kórinbeı ketetin mezgildi «Úrker jerge tústi» dep ataǵan. Bul kezeńde – Úrker ońtústik jarty shardaǵy elderge kórinip turady. Áıtse de jýyq túrde maýsym aıynyń sońy men kelesi jyldyń mamyr aıyna deıin Úrker qaıtadan Qazaqstan jerinde kórinip turady. Qazirgi jahandaný (globalızaııa) zamanynda bizder ómir súretin soltústik jarty sharda, ońtústik jarty shardyń habar-osharyn, ol jaqta «toǵysý» bolǵan-bolmaǵanyn bilý 1 sekýndtyń isi ekeni belgili. Qaıta kerisinshe Toǵys esebi eki jarty shar halqynyń (mysaly Qazaqstan men AQSh) ózara yntymaqtastyqta, beıbit qarym-qatynasta bolýyna yqpal etedi degen senimdemiz.
Qanshama ádebıetterdi aqtarsaq ta, ejelgi halyqtardyń juldyzdyq kúntizbeleri dál osy «toǵysý qubylysyna» negizdelgen degen derekti taba almadyq (múmkin bar da shyǵar). Aqıqatynda barlyq ejelgi halyqtar Aı tabaǵynyń ártúrli fazasynyń áldebir jaryq juldyzdy (kóbinese Úrkerdi) basyp ótýin «qasıetti qubylys» dep sanaǵan jáne ýaqyt júıelerin soǵan negizdegen dep boljam jasaımyz. Onyń dálelin alysqa barmaı-aq álem elderiniń jalaýlarynan kórýge bolady. Mysaly Avstralııa, Ázirbaıjan, Aljır, Angola, Komory, Qytaı, Lıvııa, Mavrıtanııa, Nepal, Ózbekstan, Pákistan, Túrkimenstan, Túrkııa t.b. elderdiń jalaýlarynda jarty Aıdyń aldynda ne bir juldyz, ne birneshe juldyz turǵanyn kóremiz. Osynyń bári sol elderdiń kóne ýaqyt júıesi juldyzdyq jyl men Aı men Úrkerdiń toǵysýyna negizdelgenin dáleldeıdi. Bir qyzyǵy saq-túrki jurtynyń juraǵaty bolyp tabylatyn qazaq halqy men basqa túrki tildes halyqtar «Toǵys esebi» týraly málimetti áli kúnge deıin umytqan joq. Al, kerisinshe, osy bir qyzyqty da tańǵajaıyp ýaqyt júıesi basqa halyqtardyń sanasynan «óship» qalǵany tań qaldyrady. Shamasy «dılemma» degenimiz osy bolar…
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Toǵys esebin tereńdep zertteý nátıjesinde osy joldardyń avtory qazirgi kezde 4640 jylǵa eseptelgen Toǵys esebiniń jańa júıesin jasap shyqty. Munda bizdiń zamanymyzǵa deıingi (b.z.d.) 1901 (–1900) jyldan bastap, bizdiń zamanymyzdyń (b.z.) 2740 jylyna deıingi aralyqtaǵy árbir aıdaǵy toǵysý datalary kórsetilgen. Aıdyń kúrdeli qozǵalýy saldarynan 1 kúndik qatelik bolýy múmkin. Biraq ol durys ýaqyt esebine pálendeı áser etpeı, kelesi aıda óz-ózinen túzelip ketedi.
Álemdi tań qaldyratyn jáne ýaqyt zertteıtin ǵylymǵa kóp «azyq» bolatyn jańa sıpattaǵy Toǵys esebiniń syrtqy jáne ishki júıesi qandaı bolmaq?
Joǵaryda aıtqan 29 jyldyq zertteýimizdiń basym bóligi Toǵys esebi úshin jańa sıpattaǵy teńdeý júıesin eseptep shyǵarýǵa jumsaldy. Áýelgi kezde, ábden uńǵyl-shuńǵylyna deıin elep-ekshelgen, synaqtardan ótkizilgen jáne álemdik deńgeıdegi sarapshylardyń qyzyǵýshylyǵy men qoldaýyna ıe bolǵan birinshi teńdeý júıesin eseptep shyǵardyq:
Birinshi teńdeý júıesi:
16 × 29 = 464 × 4 = 1856 jyl
677 890 ÷ 1856 = 365,2424569 kún
677 904 ÷ 1856 = 365,25 kún
677 916 ÷ 1856 = 365,2564656 kún
677 904 ÷ 1913 = 354,3669629 ÷ 12 = 29,53058024 kún
677 904 ÷ 24812 = 27,321619 kún
677 904 ÷ 6 kún = 112 984 apta.
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2014 jyldyń shilde (ramazan) aıynda ekinshi teńdeý júıesin eseptep shyǵardyq. Bul teńdeý júıesiniń de álemdik ǵalymdardy qyzyqtyrary daýsyz. Saq-túrkilerdiń 12 jyldyq haıýanattar músheli, shýmerlerdiń 18 jyldyq ıkli, maııa-atekterdiń 52 jyldyq ıkli jáne t.b. ıklderdi toǵystyratyn tómendegi 1404 jyldyq ıkldy eń birinshi ret qazaq oqyrmandaryna tanystyrý úshin ony tómende yqshamdap berip otyrmyz.
Ekinshi teńdeý júıesi:
2 jyl × 702 jyl = 1404 jyl ÷ 4 jyl = 351 jyl;
6 jyl × 234 jyl = 1404 jyl ÷ 9 jyl = 156 jyl;
12 jyl × 117 jyl = 1404 jyl ÷ 13 jyl = 108 jyl;
18 jyl × 78 jyl = 1404 jyl ÷ 26 jyl = 54 jyl;
27 jyl × 52 jyl = 1404 jyl ÷ 36 jyl = 39 jyl;
512 800 kún ÷ 1404 jyl = 365,2421652421652 kún
512 811 kún ÷ 1404 jyl = 365,25 kún
512 820 kún ÷ 1404 jyl = 365,2564102564102 kún
512 799 kún ÷ 17365 týar aı = 29,53060754391016 kún
512 800 kún ÷ 18769 sıderlik (toǵys) aı = 27,32164739730406 kún
512 799 kún ÷ 7 kún = 73257 apta; 512 820 kún ÷ 7 kún = 73260 apta.
512 800 kún ÷ 20 kún = 25 640 aı /kún ÷ 70,2 jyl = 365,2421652421652 kún
512 820 kún ÷ 20 kún = 25 641 aı ÷ 70,2 jyl = 365,2564102564102 kún
Joǵarydaǵy eki teńdeýdiń negizinde jańa sıpattaǵy Toǵys esebiniń 76 jylǵa (19 jyl × 4 ıkl = 76 jyl) eseptelgen júıesin jasadyq (1-shi keste).
Bul maqalada kóp jaılardy keńinen áńgimeleýge gazet beti tarlyq etip otyrǵanyn baıqap otyrǵan bolarsyzdar. Sol sebepti oqyrman qaýymdy jan-jaqty sıpattama bermeı, «Toǵys esebiniń» aldaǵy ýaqytta bolatyn «toǵysý» qubylystarymen birden tanystyrýǵa májbúr bolyp otyrmyz (2-shi keste).
Oqyrman qaýym 2-shi kestedegi 4-baǵanda kórsetilgen kúnderi óz kózderimen Aı men Úrkerdiń toǵysýyn kóre alady. Mysaly, Almaty qalasynda turatyndar 18 tamyz kúni túngi saǵat 23-ten bastap ońtústik-shyǵysqa (taý) taıaý jaqtan Aıdyń sońǵy shıreginiń Úrker juldyz shoǵyryn baıaý jaýyp ótetinin kóre alady. Ásirese bul qubylysty dúrbi nemese teleskoppen baqylaý este qalarlyqtaı áser beredi. Bul qubylysty baqylaý aldynda «O metodıke lıýbıtelskıh astronomıcheskıh nablıýdenıı» atty maqalany ǵalamtordan (http://www.astrogalaxy.ru nemese http://www.astronomy.ru) oqyp shyǵýǵa keńes beremiz.
P.S. Osy maqalanyń annotaııasynda AQSh-taǵy Shyǵys Karolına ýnıversıtetiniń janynda álemdik kúntizbe máselesin talqylaıtyn arnaıy forým bar degen edik. Sózimiz dálelsiz, jalań bolyp shyqpaýy úshin osy maqaladaǵy avtordyń 1404 jyldyq teńdeý júıesi men 2550 jyldyq Islamdyq Aı Hıjrasynyń jańa jobasy qazirgi ýaqytta qalaı talqylanyp jatqanyn aǵylshyn tilindegi túpnusqasynda berip otyrmyz, sondaı-aq pikir jazǵan ǵalymdardy da qysqasha tanystyrýdy jón kórdik.
Sent: 30 July 2014 18:29
Karl Palmen
Álemdik kúntizbeler sarapshysy: Karl Erik Vaughan Palmen, 16.02.1959 jyly Taunton, Somerset, Anglııada týylǵan. Nottıngem ýnıversıtinde (University of Nottingham) joǵary bilim alǵan. 1986 jyldan bastap áıgili Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (STFC) zerthanasynda (http://www.stfc.ac.uk) jumys isteıdi. Onyń kúntizbe salasyndaǵy materıaldarymen (http://www.hermetic.ch) saıtynan tanysa alasyz.
Dear Kaldarkhan and Calendar People
Thank you Kaldarkhan for letting us know of the 1404 years. It is interesting, but I’m not sure whether it would be much use in practice. The types of 1404-year cycle have different numbers of days in them. This limits their usefulness. I prefer cycles where the number of days are exactly equal such as.
658532 days = 1803 years × 365.2423738… days
658532 days = 22300 lunar months × 29.53058296… days
658532 days = 94076 weeks × 7 days
There are many more such cycles at (http://the-light.com/cal/LunisolarA.htm)
The cycles with a whole number of weeks are shown in blue (e.g. 1556, 1803, 2175, 2919, 2930, 3150, 3234 years ). Such a cycle would have to be very long to include Julian calendar years or Sidereal years. Also I don’t think 1404 is very special. There may be many other such numbers. For example, 896 (suggested by Brij):
896 years = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 28 years
327276 days = 896 sidereal years × 365.26339… days
327264 days = 896 Julian calendar years × 365.25 days
327264 days = 46752 weeks × 7 days
327259 days = 11978 sidereal months × 27.321673… days
327258 days = 11082 lunar months × 29.530590… days
327257 days = 896 years × 365.2421875 days
327257 days = 46751 weeks × 7 days
896 years ÷ 7 = 128 years
46751 days = 128 years × 365.2421875 days
29 × 896 years = 7 × 3712 years (Eurasian calendar)
Karl
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Sent: 30 July 2014 08:25
Aty-jóni: Dr. Irvin Lloyd Bromberg, Kanadanyń Ontarıo shtatynda týylǵan. Álemdik kúntizbeniń bir nusqasy retinde usynylyp otyrǵan «The Symmetry454 Calendar» jáne «The Symmetry010 Calendar» kúntizbesiniń avtory. Qazirgi ýaqytta Toronto ýnıversıtetinde professor laýazymynda qyzmet etedi. Onyń eki kúntizbe jobasy týraly materıalymen (http://www.sym454.org) saıtynan tanysa alasyz.
Irv Bromberg
I prefer cycles where the number of days are exactly equal such as
658532 days = 1803 years × 365.2423738… days
[Irv adds] = 365+437/1803 days = 365d 5h 49m 1+59/601s, which is very slightly longer than the present era mean northward equinoctial year (which is currently getting slightly longer anyway). A leap day calendar for this cycle would have 437 leap days per cycle.
658532 days = 22300 lunar months × 29.53058296… days
[Irv adds] 22300 mean synodic months = 100 saros intervals = 4 x 5575-month lunar cycles (25 saros intervals each) with 2958 full 30-day months per cycle = mean month is 658532/22300 days = 29+2958/5575 days = 29d 12h 44m 2+82/223s, and it contains very close to 24103 sidereal months, 23899 anomalistic months, and 24200 draconic months. This mean month is slightly short for the present era but an excellent choice for a long-lasting fixed arithmetic lunar cycle.
658532 days = 94076 weeks × 7 days
[Irv adds] So a leap week calendar based on the 1803-year cycle would have 320 leap weeks per cycle.
The 1803-year leap week cycle is identical to four 231-year cycles (with 41 leap weeks) alternating with three 293-year cycles (with 52 leap weeks), that is 231+293+231+293+231+293+231 = 1803 years, and accordingly has a mean year that is intermediate between the longer mean year of the 231-year cycle and the shorter mean year of the 293-year cycle.
For a lunisolar calendar the 1803-year cycle would have 664 leap months.
Irv Bromberg, University of Toronto, Canada
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Sent: 30 July 2014 21:13
Karl Palmen
Dear Kaldarkhan and Calendar People
I’ve noticed that adding the 1404-year and 896-year cycles creates a lunisolar cycle of 2300 years:
840057 days = 2300 years × 365.2421739… days
840057 days = 28447 lunar months × 29.530600766… days
It is not as accurate as the 2900-year cycle mentioned in earlier E-mails:
1059203 days = 2900 years × 365.2424138… days
1059203 days = 35868 months × 29.43058436… days
Adding the 2300-year and 2900-year cycles makes five 1040-year cycles:
379852 days = 1040 years × 365.2423077… days
379852 days = 12863 months × 29.53059162… days
Karl
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Sent: 30 July 2014 19:28
NEW 2550 YEAR ISLAMIC LUNAR HIJRAH CALENDAR
Karl Palmen
Dear Kaldarkhan, Victor and Calendar People
This cycle of 2550 lunar years is exactly equal to 36 cycles of my yerm lunar calendar at (http://www.hermetic.ch/cal_stud/palmen/yerm1.htm). Each cycle of the calendar is:
52 yerms = 850 months = 25101 days
36 x 25101 days = 903 636 days.
Sometime after inventing my yerm lunar calendar, I found one of the cycles between the lunar and solar Hijrah epochs and so I number that cycle 1, the current cycle is 21. See http://the-light.com/cal/converter/ to calculate yerm calendar dates.
The 30-year cycle of the Tabular Islamic Calendar is equivalent to my Yerm Calendar cycle cut short to 22 yerms = 360 months.
See http://www.hermetic.ch/cal_stud/palmen/yerm1.htm#tool . This also shows a more accurate cycle of 79 years. No simple arithmetic calendar can save the Islamic World from being forced to watch neomia (young crescent moon), because of short term variations in the timing of the young crescent moon, which may be up to 14 and a half hours early or late.
Qaldarhan QAMBAR,
Almaty qalasy ákimdiginiń
«Aqparattyq-tehnologııalyq ortalyq»
JShS qyzmetkeri,
«Túrkistan» gazeti
