Qazir qobyzdy narqobyz jáne qylqobyz dep ekige bólip júrmiz.
Qylqobyz — búginde jurtshylyqqa ábden kóztanys bolǵan, kúı tartýǵa arnalǵan turqy shaǵyn aspap. Al narqobyzdyń shanaǵy úlken. Sol úlken shanaqtyń ishine aına qondyrylǵan, basyna jezden, ıá temirden soǵylǵan shyldyrmaqtar ilingen, úni kúrkiregen zor, jýan bolyp keledi. Derekterge súıensek, narqobyzdy, negizinen, baqsylar shalǵan sııaqty. Baqsy saryny atalatyn tutas bir janr ǵasyrlar boıy osy narqobyzben oryndalyp kelgen.Al pendeniń jan syryn — túpsiz qorqynyshyn, berik senimin, jalǵyzsyraǵan qamyryǵyn, atoılaǵan serpinin, ómir men ólim arasyndaǵy tuńǵıyqqa shomǵan tebirenisin pash etetin qobyz kúıi óz múmkindiginiń shyrqaý bıigine, joǵary professıonaldyq deńgeıine qylqobyz arqyly jetken edi. Bul arada atap aıtar bir másele — bizge emis esimderi ǵana jetken kónelikti qobyzshylardyń kóbi abyz, jyraý, baqsy bolǵandyǵy. Attary qazaq eposyna, ańyzdaryna arqaý bolǵan Sypyra, Ketbuǵalardyń jyraý ekendigin, Qoılybaı, Kerbuǵa, Qaraqoja, Shúmen, Baýbek, Jamansart, Tilekterdiń abyz bolǵandaryn shamalaımyz. Qazaqqa Qorqyt kúıleri atalatyn qupııaly, syrly ıkldy mırastaǵan Soqyr Nyshan — Nyshan baqsynyń óneri qobyzben kúı tartý salasyndaǵy sońǵy dástúr boldy. Biraq, qobyz kúıi shynymen túrlengen ýaqyt, «altyn ǵasyr»- XIX ǵ. edi. Bul kezeńde Hanqoja, Erden, Dúken, arqaly, uly kúıshi Yqylas qana qobyz kúıin múlde jańa tarapqa baǵyttap, ólmes, óshpes mura qaldyryp ketken edi. Yqylas áýletin qazaq arasynda jeti atasynan qobyzshylar dep ataıdy.
Qorqyt áýenin, ejelgi baqsylar sarynyn jerine jetkize meńgergen Yqylastyń qobyzy jańasha tynys ashty, kúńirengen daýysy keýdesinen keremet syrly kúıge aınalyp aqtaryldy.
Yqylastyń áıgili shákirtteri degende, jadymyzǵa bel balasy Túsipbek, sondaı-aq Ábikeı, Súgir kúıshiler oralady. Osy kúıshilerden tikeleı dáris alǵan Jappas Qalambaev pen Dáýlet Myqtybaev — Yqylas ónernamasyn nebir aýyr ótkelekten aman alyp ótip, keler urpaqqa tabystaǵan abzal jan, iri qobyzshylar.
Aınalyp ótýge, aıtpasqa bolmaıtyn taǵy bir sóz — qobyzdyń, qobyz kúıleriniń taǵdyry haqynda. Qobyz áýeli ásire dindarlar tarapynan, keıin, Oktıabr tóńkerisinen soń qyzyl ókimet tarapynan «jyn shaqyratyn baqsy quraly» retinde aıyptalyp, kóp qýdalandy. Joıylyp kete jazdap baryp, sherli kóshpendiniń tiri rýhy ispettenip, qaıta oraldy. Biraq kóp qazyna — sanyn eshkim de sanap bolmas — bir zamanǵy ulan ǵaıyrdyń bir ǵana jurnaǵy, teńizdiń tamshysy desek kerek-ti. Sonyń ózi — dátke qýat, kóńilge medeý.
Qazaq dástúrli mýzykasyn ǵasyrlar báıgesinen ozdyrǵan taǵy bir syrly aspap — sybyzǵy. Tamyljyp, syzyltyp, ýildep qyr kóshpendileriniń sansyz býyn, urpaǵynyń janyn terbegen qazaq sybyzǵysy adam balasy oılap tapqan úrmeli aspaptardyń ishindegi ejelgilerdiń jáne erekshe áýezdilerdiń qatarynan oryn alsa kerek. Sybyzǵynyń dástúrli úlgisi qýraı ósimdiginen jasalady, aspapty jasaýǵa qara qýraı, ógiz qýraı, qyrly qýraı túrleri paıdalanylǵan. Sybyzǵyshylar sybyzǵyny qýraıdan ózderi jasap alyp tartqan jáne ony jasaý ádis-tásilderinde árbir ónerpazdyń ózindik ólshemi, óz qupııasy bolǵan. Babymen jasalǵan sybyzǵynyń syrtynan jańa soıylǵan mal óńeshiniń aq shelimen nemese jas tóldiń ash ishegimen qaptaıdy. Mundaı sybyzǵynyń úni taza, ystyq-sýyqtan aınymaıdy jáne uzaq ýaqytqa deıin shydaıtyn bolady. Qýraı sybyzǵyny tartqanda oryndaýshylar qýraıdyń ózegin sýmen búrkip otyrady eken. Sebebi, qýraıdyń ishi keýip, qańsyp ketýine baılanysty dybystyń birkelki shyǵýyna, boıaýyna kedergi jasaıdy. Qýraıdan jasalǵan sybyzǵynyń dybysy áýezdi, jumsaq, tabıǵı shyǵady. Sondaı-aq sybyzǵynyń qýraıdan basqa da aǵashtan jáne jezden jasalǵan túrleri bolady.
Sybyzǵy, bir qaraǵanda, qarapaıym aspap bolyp kóringenimen, úrmeli aspaptardyń ishinde dybys shyǵarýy jaǵynan kúrdeliligimen erekshelenedi. Sybyzǵyda múshtik bolmaıdy, ol — tiske qoıylyp tartylatyn aspap. Sondaı-aq dástúrli sybyzǵyshylar kúı tartý barysynda úsh túrli dybysty úndestirip otyrady eken. Bul dybystardy kánigi tyńdaýshylar sybyzǵynyń ún-dybysy, aýyz jańǵyryǵy, sybyzǵyshy kómeıiniń daýysy dep ajyratady. Úrmeli aspaptarǵa kómeı daýysyn qosyp oryndaýshylyq Sibir halyqtarynyń qos daýysty án — jyr salý dástúrine jaqyn bolyp keledi. Bul úrdis qazaqtyń sybyzǵyshylyq dástúrinde mańyzdy oryn alǵan. Osy tásildi sybyzǵyda paıdalanǵanda kómeı daýysy kúıdiń negizgi tonyn sozyp ustap turady, al sybyzǵynyń úni bolsa, kúıdiń áýenin júrgizip otyrady.
Sybyzǵyshylyq dástúr respýblıkamyzdaǵy Shyǵys Qazaqstan jáne Batys Qazaqstan óńirlerinde oryndaýshylyq erekshelikterine qaraı keń taralǵan.
Shyǵys Qazaqstan sybyzǵyshylyq dástúri degende, jer betindegi áldeneshe kóne órkenıetke altyn besik bolǵan, alyp Altaı taýlarynyń (A.Okladnıkov) baýyrynda qanat jaıǵan eldiń keıin zaman yǵymen bir kezdegi ataqonys, qazirgi Qytaı, Muńǵylııa jerine eki bólinip, qonys aýdarýy sebepti, atalmysh sybyzǵyshylyq dástúr qazir Qazaqstanmen qatar sol elderde de saqtalyp otyr. Altaı óńirindegi sybyzǵyshylar arasynda sybyzǵy tartysyp, kúı jarystyrý, óner synasý salty XVII ǵasyrda belgili bolǵandyǵy jaıly derekter bar. Jáne osy bir oqshaý úrdis bertinge, XX ǵasyrdyń 50-shi jyldaryna deıin jalǵasyp kelgendigi, oǵan Tileke men Janteli, Sherýbaı men Musa, Ospanǵalı men Shanaqtyń saıystary aıǵaq bolatyndyǵy anyq.
Shyǵysta keń taraǵan sybyzǵylar kóbinese úsh-tórt oıyqty bolyp jasalady, dybystyq obertondarǵa baı, dybys qatarlary majorly lad bolyp keledi. Kúıleriniń sazy án tektes, birneshe áýenniń qaıtalanylýynan qalyptasqan. Bul óńir kúıleriniń iri oryndaýshy, jetkizýshileri — Kálek Qumaqaıuly, Shanaq Aýǵanbaev, Beıilhan Qalıaqparuly, Qusman Maqmyrza, Talǵat Muqyshev syndy sybyzǵyshylar.
Batys Qazaqstan sybyzǵyshylyq dástúriniń kórnekti ókilderiniń biri — sybyzǵyshy Sarmalaı. Sarmalaı kúılerin bizge jetkizgen sybyzǵyshy Ysqaq Ýálıev edi. Onyń oryndaýyndaǵy Sarmalaıdyń birshene kúılerin ǵalym Ahmet Jubanov notaǵa túsirip, jaryqqa shyǵardy. Bul óńirdiń taǵy bir ókili Mákár Sultanǵalıevtiń kúıleri ónertanýshy Bolat Sarybaevtyń oryndalýynda jetti. Batys Qazaqstan óńiriniń sybyzǵy kúıleriniń áýeni baıaý bolyp keledi, dıapozonnyń keńdigi, regıstrlyq múmkindikterdi meıilinshe paıdalanǵany jáne dybys qatary mınorly lad sybyzǵysyna oryndalýymen erekshelenedi.
Keń taraǵan, búkilhalyqtyq sıpat alǵan mýzykalyq aspaptar — qobyz, dombyra, sybyzǵydan basqa jetigen, shańqobyz sazsyrnaı, adyrna, sherter sııaqty kóne aspaptar sırek bolsa da, búginde halyq arasynda taratylyp júr. A.Levshın, A.Alektorov, A.Eıhgorn, S.Rybakov, Sh.Ýálıha-nov, Á.Marǵulan, A.Jubanov syndy zertteýshiler kóne saz aspaptary týraly qundy derekter jazyp qaldyrdy. Ataqty aspap tanýshy, ǵalym Bolat Sarybaev 1960 jyldardan bastap qazaqtyń umyt bolǵan kóne saz aspaptaryn qaıtadan qalpyna keltirý isin qolǵa alyp, baǵa jetkisiz eńbekter jasady.
Búginde halqymyzdyń kóne saz aspaptary jańasha túrlenip, dástúrli mýzykadan óz ornyn aldy.
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Shańqobyz — úrmeli-tilsheli aspap. Aspap tutastaı temirden jasalynyp, eki ushy súıirlenedi. Ortasynda jińishke tilshesi bar, syrt pishini lıraǵa uqsaǵan. Ortasyna bekitilgen tilshesin saýsaqpen shalyp terbeliske keltirip tartady. Shańqobyzdyń juqa aǵashtan jasalǵan kóne úlgisi erteden belgili. Shańqobyzdy kóbine qyz-kelinshekter tartqan. Bul aspap túrki halyqtarynda, ásirese Altaı tobyna jatatyn túrkilerde taraǵan.
Sazsyrnaı — X ǵasyrdan beri belgili aspap. Sazsyranaıdyń negizgi nusqasy 1970 jyly kóne Otyrar qalasynyń eski jurtynan tabyldy. Aspap saz balshyqtan kúıdirilip jasalǵan, bes dybys oıyǵy bar.
Adyrna — sadaq pishindi bolady. Jebe keletin orta tusyna deıin shanaq ornatylady. Shanaqtyń eki betine teri kerilip salynady. Ústińgi bólshekterine ishekter taǵylady. Ishekterdiń eki jaǵynan saýsaqpen ilip tartý arqyly áýen, sazdar oryndalady.
Jetigen — kóne ishekti aspaptardyń biri. Aspaptyń kóne túrin jasaǵanda shaǵyn taqtaıdyń astyn astaýsha etip oıyp, betine jeti qyl ishek taqqan. Ár ishektiń astynda bir-birden asyq qoıylǵan. Asyq tıektiń mindetin atqaryp, kúıge keltirgende, asyqty ári-beri jyljytyp otyrǵan.
Sherter — úsh ishekti shertpeli aspap. Shanaǵy jalpaq tik buryshty etip jasalady. Bet qaqpaǵynyń jarty bóligi terimen kerilip, qalǵan bóligi qaraǵaı qaqpaqpen jabylady. Moıyny qysqa, jýandaý bolyp keledi.
Saıan AQMOLDA,
qobyzshy, zertteýshi,
Talǵat MUQYShEV,
sybyzǵyshy, zertteýshi
«Úsh qııan» gazeti
