Ótken aptada professor Ádil Ahmetovtyń «Vıkıngderdiń izimen». (Ǵylymı gıpotezalyq týyndy) kitabynan «Baıyrǵy skandınavııalyq vıkıngder jóninde álemde qalyptasqan gıpotezalyq paıymdar» bólimi oqyrman nazaryna usynylǵan. Osy kitaptan úzindi jarııalaýdy odan ári jalǵastyramyz. Búgin «Aǵylshyn-saksondar men saqtardyń ara jigi» bólimi usynylyp otyr. Birge oqıyq. Birge talqylaıyq!
Aǵylshyn-saksondyqtardyń arǵy tegi saqtardan taraǵan degen tujyrym bizdiń zamanymyzdan burynǵy dáýirlerde qalyptasqanyn dáleldeıtin dáıekti tarıhı derek kózderi barshylyq. Máselen, kezinde saqtar Kaspıı boıynan shyǵysqa qaraı jyljyp, tek Baktrııa aýmaǵyna ǵana emes, sonymen qatar batysta jatqan Kavkazdyń óte shuraıly Karabah aımaǵyna da qonystanǵany týraly b.z. burynǵy 63-jyl men 24-jyldary aralyǵynda ómir súrgen grektiń ataqty tarıhshysy ári geografy Strabon jazyp ketken-di. Ǵalym keltirgen derekterge qaraǵanda, kezinde álgi aımaq Sakasına (Sakasina) dep atalǵan. Al bizdiń zamanymyzdyń 23-79 jyldary ómir súrgen Rımniń kórnekti jazýshysy ári ǵulama
tarıhshysy Plınııdiń paıymdaýynsha, joǵaryda sóz bolǵan álgi aımaqqa qonystanǵan saqtar Sakassanı (Sakassani) dep atalǵan.
Álgi ataý Saka-sýný (Saka-sunu), ıaǵnı saqtyń uly nemese urpaǵy degen uǵymdy bildirgen ári bul etımologııany alǵash ret 1519–1572 jyldar aralyǵynda ómir súrgen flamandyq fılosof ári fılolog Goropıýs Bekanýs (Goropius Becanus) usynǵan eken. Bul tujyrymdy sonymen qatar, ataqty nemis teology ári gýmanıst ǵalym Melanchtonmen (Melanchthon) qatar alǵash ret latyn tilinde jaryq kórgen «Brıtanııa» atty kitaptyń avtory V.Kamden (William Camden – 1777–1855) de qýattapty. Sosyn, osy atalǵan derek kózderin negizge ala otyryp, brıtandyq tarıhshy-ǵalym Sharon Týrner (Sharon Turner) de óziniń 1799-1805 jyldar aralyǵynda jaryqqa shyǵarǵan «Aǵylshyn-Saksondyqtardyń tarıhy» (“History of the Anlo-Saxons”) atty 4 tomdyq shyǵarmasynda aǵylshyndar men saksondyqtardyń arǵy teginiń o basta saqtardan taraǵandyǵyna esh kúmán keltirmegen. Onyń ústine, 1827 jyly jarııalaǵan «Saq pa, parsy ma?» degen ǵylymı maqalasynda Sharon Týrner óz paıymynyń negizsiz emes ekendiginiń bultartpaıtyn jáne bir dáleli retinde saqtardan tamyr alatyn, aǵylshyn-sakson jáne parsy tilderine ortaq 262 sózdi kóldeneń tartady. Kezinde álgi maqalany qazaq tiline aýdaryp, ony elimizdiń birneshe aqparat kózderinde («Egemen Qazaqstan», «Ana tili» gazetterinde jáne «Aqıqat» jýrnalynda) jarııalaǵan bolatynbyz.
Sharon Týrnerdiń sol maqalasynyń qazaq tilindegi nusqasyn osy tusta qaıta jańǵyrtsaq, artyq bola qoımas degen oıdamyn, óıtkeni aǵylshyn-saksondyqtar men saqtardyń ortaq túp tamyryna tereń boılaǵan ǵalym-tarıhshylardyń ishinde Sharon Týrnerdiń alatyn orny erekshe. Endeshe, osy dáıekti eskere otyryp, ataqty ǵalymnyń «Saq pa, parsy ma?» atty ǵylymı maqalasynyń tolyq nusqasyna nazar aýdaralyq: «Dál qazir Koroldik ádebıet qoǵamynyń
nazaryna birden iligip, ózekti áńgimege arqaý bola qoımasa da, aǵylshyn-saksondyq babalarymyzdyń azııalyq tegi jóninde olardyń baıyrǵy tilderindegi tamyrlastyq qarym-qatynastardy zertteý nátıjesinde qol jetkizgen keıbir tujyrymdar men paıymdarymdy oqyrmanǵa usynsam, múlde eleýsiz qalmas degen oıdamyn. Aǵylshyn-saksondyqtardyń tarıhynda olardyń arǵy tegi o bastan-aq saqtardan (Sakai nemese Sasae) taraǵan degen tujyrym qalyptasqan. Kezinde saqtar Kaspıı boıynan shyǵysqa qaraı jyljyp, Baktrııaǵa ǵana emes, sonymen qatar batysta jatqan Kavkazdyń óte shuraıly bóligine de qonystanǵan. Ol zamandarda, Strabonnyń aıtýynsha, álgi aımaq Sakasına (Sakasina) dep atalsa kerek. Plınıı álgi aımaqqa qonystanǵan saqtardy Sakassanı (Sakassani) dep ataǵan.
Bul ataý dybystalýy jaǵynan Saka-sýný (Saka-sunu), ıaǵnı saqtyń uldary nemese urpaǵy degen uǵymǵa saıady. Bizdiń oıymyzsha, bul bir uǵymnyń eki túrli ataýy. Bul etımologııany alǵash usynǵan Goropıýs Bekanýs (Goropius Becanus) eken. Ataqty Melanchton (Melanchthon) da bul pikirdi quptaǵan. Ádette mundaı máselelerge árkim-aq kúdikpen qarap, talqyǵa salady emes pe? Al bizdiń Kamden (Camden) bolsa, álgi etımologııany tolyǵymen qoldaǵan edi. Meniń ózim de bizdiń arǵy tegimiz jónindegi joǵaryda aıtylǵan pikirdi eń oıǵa qonymdy dúnıe dep oılaımyn. Sebebi, ekinshi ǵasyrda Strabon men Plınııden soń Ptolemeı de saqtardan bastaý alatyn skıfterdiń saksondar (saxones) bolyp atalǵanyn atap ótken. Demek, bul aıtylǵan pikirdiń durystyǵyn jáne atalmysh saksondyqtardyń arǵy teginiń de saqtardyń urpaqtarynan taraıtyndyǵyn dáleldeı túsedi. Rımdikter kez kelgen sózdegi “k” degen áriptiń ornyna “s” degen tańbany paıdalanǵan, mine, sondyqtan da bizder olardy “sasae” dep jazyp júrmiz. Biraq bul tek roman tilindegi “s” áripiniń qate dybystalýy (oqylýy). Máselen, grek tildi jazýshylardyń ózderi de ıeronnyń (Sisero) atyn “Kikeroo” túrinde tańbalaǵan.
Demek, joǵaryda keltirilgen tujyrymdar aǵylshyn-saksondyq babalarymyzdyń túpki tekteri Eýropaǵa Azııadan kelgen jáne oǵan deıin olar Kaspıı mańyn mekendegen degen pikirge jeteleıdi. Joǵary mártebeli Keppel myrza da óziniń keıingi kezde jasaǵan qyzǵylyqty saparlary kezinde álgi jerlerde bolyp qaıtqanyn baıandaı kelip, myna bir jáıtke toqtalady. “Araks (Arras) nemese Plýtarh jazyp ketken Araksıs (Araxas) ózeninen ótken soń, osy ózen men Kýra (ejelgi Sýrus nemese Sýrnus) ózeniniń ortasynda Karabah (Karabaugh) degen ádemi aımaq jatyr. Bul – ejelgi
saqtardyń (Sasae nemese Sasassani) eli, Plınıı men Strabon jazyp ketken skıfterdiń jaýynger taıpasy, ıaǵnı bizdiń
baıyrǵy babalarymyz saksondyqtardyń dál ózi bolýy kerek”, – deıdi.
Karabahtan soń Keppel myrza Shırvanǵa (Shirwan), ıaǵnı eski zamandaǵy Albanııa jerine jol tartady. Sonymen, Araks pen Kýranyń (baıyrǵy Arrahes pen Sýrnus) arasynda jatqan shuraıly Karabahty ózimizdiń aǵylshyn-sakson babalarymyzdyń Azııadaǵy mekenderiniń biri bolǵan dep topshylaýǵa bolatyn sııaqty. Al Kýra ózeni bolsa, osy aımaqtaǵy orystar ıemdengen ólkeniń shetki shebi bolǵan. Orystar men parsylardyń arasynda bolǵan sońǵy soǵys, negizinen, osy óńirdegi saqtar (Sasae nemese Sasassani) mekendegen jerlerdiń mańynan, Kýra ózeniniń ońtústiginen bastalǵan sııaqty. Al eger orystar ıelik etken aımaqtyń shebi keńeıip ketken bolsa, bizdiń saq babalarymyz da
solardyń qolastyna ótip ketýi ábden múmkin edi. Osy ýaqıǵalar meniń oıymdy álemniń osy shetine jetelep, bizden buryn ótken zertteýshilerdiń parsy tilindegi keıbir sózderdiń sakson tilindegi sózderge uqsaıtynyn baıqaǵandaryn esime qaıta túsirdi.
Máselen, Kamden (Camden): “Keremet ǵalym Djozef Skalıger (Joseph Scaliger) bizge fader (áke), muder (sheshe), brader (baýyr), tuchter (qyz), band (beldik) t.s.s. sózder parsy tilinde kúni búginge deıin qoldanylady jáne olar bizdiń tilimizdegi father (áke), mother (sheshe), brother (baýyr), daughter (qyz), band (beldik) sııaqty sózderden maǵynasy jaǵynan aınymaıdy degendi aıtty”,– degen eken (Samden’s Vrit. Introd. SHHHIII.). Osyndaı jaqyndyqtyń bar ekenin túsingendikten maǵan: “Eger eki tilden bir-birine uqsas álgindeı bes sóz tabylǵan bolsa, parsy tili men aǵylshyn-sakson tilderin tereńirek salystyra zerttep, odan da kóp uqsastyqtardy tabýǵa bolady ǵoı. Maǵan sosyn, eger saksondyqtar Azııadan taraǵan degen tujyrym durys bolatyn bolsa, eki tildiń arasyndaǵy basqa uqsastyqtar da kóptep tabylyp, olar dáleldengen jaǵdaıda saksondyqtardyń arǵy teginiń Azııadan taraıtyndyǵymen birge olardyń ata-tekteri Kaspıı teńizi óńirinen German muhıtyna (Soltústik teńizi nemese Atlant muhıty bolýy kerek – Ádil Ahmetov) deıin birte-birte qonys aýdarǵan degen tujyrymdy qýattaýǵa múmkindik týar edi ǵoı” degen oı kelen-di. Osy taqyryppen baılanysty qalyptasqan osyndaı kózqaras meni endi bul máseleni jedel zerttep, eki tildiń arasyndaǵy jaqyndyqtyń negizsiz emes ekenin naqty dáleldeý arqyly oǵan kózdi de, kóńildi de sendirýge ıtermeledi. Biraq eki tildiń arasyndaǵy uqsastyq o basta qanshalyqty deńgeıde bolǵanyna qaramastan, qazir olardyń bárin dáleldeý múmkin bola qoımasy ózinen-ózi túsinikti. Sebebi saksondyqtar joǵaryda atalǵan baıyrǵy qonystarynan aýyp ketkeli qazir eń kem degende 2000 jyldaı ýaqyt ótti. Onyń ústine olar Azııanyń soltústigimen batysqa qaraı jyljı otyryp, búkil Eýropanyń
soltústigin basyp ótý kezinde san-qıly qıyndyqtar men qasiretterdi bastan keshirdi. “Basqa tússe baspaqshyl” degendeı, Elba ózeniniń teńizge quıar saǵasyna jetkenshe, olar taǵdyrdyń aysy men tuysyn tatqany shyndyq. Sosyn, bertinde tarıh sahnasynan oryn alǵan soǵys órti olardy úsh ǵasyr boıy Rım ımperııasyna qoljaýlyq etti. Tipti, odan sońyra da Brıtanııada olardy 400 jylǵa sozylatyn jáne bir bodandyq kútip turǵan bolatyn. Bul joǵaryda sóz bolǵan, bizge jetken tilderdiń uqsastyǵy týraly derekter jazylǵan zamannan kóp buryn oryn alǵan. Osylardyń bárin eskersek, Alfredtiń zamanynda aǵylshyn-saksondytar múlde bólek tilde sóılegeni ábden yqtımal ári ol kezdegi tilderdiń sózdik qorynyń kópshiligi de olardyń Karabah sekildi ǵajaıyp jerde, Araks, Kýra ózenderiniń boıynda, Kaspıı tóńireginde ómir súrgen baıyrǵy ata-babalary qoldanǵan, biraq áli jetile qoımaǵan qarapaıym sózdik qordan múlde
alshaqtap ketkeni kúmán týǵyzbaıdy.
Olaı bolsa, sonshama zamandy artqa tastaǵan baıyrǵy parsy tili Kır (Sýrus) men Darıı (Darius) patshalary bılik qurǵan zamandaǵy parsy tili bolýdan áldeqashan-aq qalyp qoıǵan. Sóıtip, sońǵy myń jyl ishinde bul til Shyǵys áleminiń asa jetilgen ári ǵulamalarynyń shyǵarmashylyǵyna negiz bolǵan eń ıkemdi de kórkem tilge aınalady. Sondyqtan da, osy zamandaǵy parsy tili kezinde parsylarǵa soǵys ashyp, olardy ońaı tize búktirip, jeńil jeńiske qol jetkizem dep júrip, ajalynan buryn jan tapsyrǵan órkókirek Iýlıı ezar zamanyndaǵy parsy tiline múlde uqsamaıdy. Bul aıyrmashylyq qazirgi aǵylshyn tili men aǵylshyn-sakson zamanyndaǵy sóılengen tildiń arasyndaǵy
aıyrmashylyqpen para-par.
Qazirgi parsy tili bolsyn, sakson tili bolsyn baıyrǵy zamanda saqtar men parsylardy bir-birinen bólip turǵan ózender men taýlarda bolǵan shaıqastar kezindegi tilderden múlde ózgeshe. Sondyqtan, kezinde bir-birine jaqyn bolǵan ýels, breton, ırland jáne gaal tilderinen de bul kúnde kózge uryp turǵan uqsastyq tabý múmkindigi joqtyń qasy deýge bolady. Uqsastyqtyń mardymsyz bolatyn sebebi saksondyqtar parsylardyń tikeleı urpaǵy emes. Muny dáleldegen eshkim joq. Saqtar parsylarmen tamyrlas, biraq olar parsylardan tikeleı taramaǵan. Onyń ústine olardyń bir-birine degen týystyq sezimderinen góri jaýlyǵy basymdaý bolǵan. Birte-birte bul jaýlyq úlken soǵysqa ulasyp, týystas taıpalar bir-birinen múlde qol úzip ketken bolatyn. Tipti parsylar kezinde saqtardy kútpegen jerden bas salyp, olardy múlde qyryp tastaýǵa da az-aq qalǵan bolatyn. Bul qasiret tipti ataqty tarıhshymyz Sherıngamdy (Sheringham) babalarymyzdyń joǵaryda atalǵan teginen bas tartýǵa da ıtermelegeni ras. Solaıy solaı bolǵanmen, ol zamanda aıaq astynan jasalǵan kez kelgen oqys shabýyl qarsylastardy óte qatty alańdatqany bolmasa, olardy túgeldeı joıyp jiberýi múmkin emes edi. Biraq osyndaı dúleı ýaqıǵadan soń saqtardyń álgi apattan aman qalǵandaryn ózderiniń sol óńirdegi úırenshikti qonystaryn tastap, batysty betke alyp, qaýipsizdeý aımaqqa aýa kóshýge májbúr etkeni aıdan
anyq.
Bul jeńilis olardy Qarabaqty tastap shyǵyp, Eýropaǵa jaqyndaý aımaqtarǵa qonys aýdarýǵa ıtermeleýi ábden yqtımal.
Al rımdikter nemese mıtrıdattyqtar (Mithridates) bastaǵan soǵystar, ııa bolmasa basqa qıyndyqtar men qaqtyǵystar
olardy Vıslaǵa (Vistula) qaraı jyljýǵa, sóıtip, kele-kele qurlyqtyń eń qıyr batysyndaǵy múıister men araldarǵa bas saýǵalap tyǵylýǵa májbúr etken sekildi. Osyǵan qaraǵanda, baıyrǵy zamanda bir-birine tıip turǵan kórshiles elderdegi
týystas taıpalardyń kópshiligi o basta bir aǵashtyń dińinen taraǵan butaqtar bolýy yqtımal. Sondyqtan parsylar da,
saqtar da, olarmen kórshiles taıpalar da úlken Skıf semıasynan taraǵan ıafetter nemese ıafetterdiń urpaqtary bolýy yqtımal.
Jáne solaı bola turǵanmen, baıyrǵy parsylar men saqtar sózdik qory men sózdik quramy bir-birinen aınymaıtyn ortaq tilde sóıledi deýge bola qoımas. Degenmen, olardyń keıbiriniń tilderi kezinde ortaq bir tilden taraǵan dıalektiler bolýy ábden múmkin. Sondyqtan olardyń bárine de qatysty ortaq sózderdiń ushyrasýy ǵajap emes. Ondaı sózderdi bizder baıyrǵy franko-teotısk jáne sakson tilderinen kúni búginge deıin kezdestirip júrmiz. Menińshe, mundaı ortaq sózderdiń keıbir juǵyn-jurnaqtary anglo-sakson jáne parsy tilderinde, eki ulttyń basynan ótken kúlli ózgeristerge qaramastan, búgingi kúnge deıin saqtalyp jetýi múmkin. Biraq álgi ózgeristerdiń saldarynan olar qazir baıyrǵy tilderdiń ár jerde ushyrasatyn, shashyrap qalǵan sarqynshaqtary retinde ǵana tanylýy múmkin. Osy tujyrymdy basshylyqqa ala otyryp, eger eki ulttyń ata-tekteri erterekte bir-birimen japsarlas aımaqta ómir súrse, meıli odan beri 2000 jyl ýaqyt ótse de, olardyń kórshiles bolǵanyn tanytatyn keıbir belgiler álgilerdiń tilderindegi uqsastyqtan kórinýge tıisti ǵoı. Mundaı uqsastyqty tek jurnaq qaldyqtardan tabarmyn degen úmitpen men aǵylshyn-sakson tilderin qazirgi parsy tilimen salystyra zerttedim. Jalpylama salystyrý nátıjesinde 162 parsy sóziniń maǵyna jaǵynan týra sondaı aǵylshyn-sakson sózderimen tamyrlas ekenine kózim jetti. Mine, osy nátıjelerdi endi joǵaryda atalǵan Ádebıet qoǵamynyń nazaryna usynýdy jón kórip otyrmyn. Biraq álgi sózderdiń tizimin usynbas buryn taǵy da bir nárseniń basyn ashyp aıtýdy paryz sanaımyn. Sózderdiń uqsastyǵyna ábden kóz jetkizgen soń, bul elde kezinde parsy tilinen de eskirek taǵy eki tildiń basym bolǵanyn eskergen jón. Olar – pehlevı (pehlvi) jáne zend (zend) tilderi. Bulardyń sońǵysy – naqty jazba úlgilerdi zertteý nátıjesi kórinip otyrǵandaı, eń baıyrǵy til de, ekinshisi, ıaǵnı pehlevı-hronologııalyq turǵydan qaraǵanda, zend jáne parsy tilderiniń aralyǵyndaǵy til. M.Anquetil osy elde dál
osy ýaqytqa deıin kúnge tabynatyndardyń kıeli kitaby bolyp sanalatyn Zendavestany (Zendavesta) zerttep tárjimeleý barysynda birneshe eski qoljazbalarmen jumys istep, solardyń arasynan zend tili men pehlevı tilderiniń naqty úlgilerin ashqan bolatyn. Osy jańalyqty nazarda ustaı otyryp, men ózim de álgi jazý úlgilerimen tanysyp, olardyń ishinen zend tiline jatatyn 57 sóz taptym.
Álgi sózder aǵylshyn-sakson tilderindegi dál sondaı 57 sózge óte uqsas. Al 43 sóz jańaǵy sekildi bizdiń eski tilimizdegi sózdermen uqsas pehlevı tiliniń sózderi bolyp shyqty. Bul 62 parsy, 57 zend jáne 43 pehlevı sózderi kezinde Persııada basym bolǵan úsh tildiń 262 sózin quraıdy jáne olardyń túgeldeı aǵylshyn-sakson tilderindegi dál sondaı
sózdermen uqsas ekendigi bizderdiń túpki ata-babalarymyzdyń baıyrǵy Azııanyń osy aýmaǵynan shyqqandyǵyn dáleldeıdi. Cosyn, munshama sózdiń dál osyndaı uqsas bolýy kezdeısoqtyq deýge eshqandaı negiz joq. Ári muny dáleldeýdiń eshbir qıyndyǵy da joq. Biraq buryn jarııalaǵan eńbekterimde búkil adamzat tiliniń tegi – bir-aq til, al úlkendi-kishili álemge taraǵan basqa tilder sol jalǵyz tilden bastaý alady degen pikir usynǵan edim. Endi osyǵan baılanysty mynadaı suraq týyndaıdy: jańaǵy 262 uqsastyq álgi túpki tildiń qaldyqtary ma, joq álde, olar ydyraǵannan keıin paıda bolǵan eki jańa tildiń týystyǵynyń belgileri me? Men mysalǵa keltirgen uqsas sózder sıpaty jaǵynan da, sany jaǵynan da ózimniń kókeıimnen shyqty. Olar álgi suraqtardyń aldyńǵysynan góri sońǵysynyń jaýaby deýge laıyq. Sondyqtan men olardyń tizimin arǵy tegimizdiń saqtardan taraıtynyn, onyń ishinde parsylarmen tamyrlastyqtan bastalyp, zendterge, sodan soń pehlevılerge ulasqandyǵynyń bultartpas dáleli
retinde keltirmekshimin:
am - I am (men)
aelan - to burn (janý)
alaw - a flame of fire (alaý)
afora - a son (ul)
afa - the eldest son (úlken ul)
andega - an appointed term (belgilengen merzim)
andan - term (merzim)
abidan - to abide (kútý, shydaý)
abadan - an abode (úı, turaq, abad)
are - honour (qurmet)
aray - decoration (kórkemdeý)
arian - to honour (qurmetteý)
arayidan - to adorn (araıandyrý, sándeý)
ase - as (sııaqty)
assay - like (sııaqty)
andget- the intellect, sense (papasat, aqyl)
angar - reason (aqyl, parasat, ańǵarý)
andgashtan - to think (oılaý, ańǵarý)
enge - trouble (áýre)
anjam - grief (muń)
andjugh - a sigh (kúrsiný)
angel - a hook (qarmaq)
angulah - a button (túıme)
ewe - water (cy)
aw - water (cy)
earmth - misery (beıshara)
urman - trouble (zapa, kedeılik)
ende - the end (sońy, sheti)
anjam - the end (sońy, sheti)
berend - fruitful (jemisti)
bar - fruit (jemis)
beeran - to carry (tasý)
bar - a load (júk)
brother - a brother (baýyr)
bradar - a brother (baýyr)
barn - a barn (qora)
barn - a covered place (qora)
bearn - a son (ul)
barna - a youth (jas bala)
bedan - to offer (usyný)
bedroz - a present (syılyq)
balew- depraved (buzylǵan, betimen ketken)
bulad - a malefactor (qylmysker)
beal - destruction (buzý)
bulaghan - a calamity (apat)
bilewite - simple (qarapaıym)
biladah - foolish (aqymaq)
beado - cruelty (qatygezdik)
bada - wickedness (qatygezdik)
barbican - a front tower (aldyńǵy munara)
burbik - a portico (kolonada)
bur - a chamber (kamera, bólme)
barkh - an open room (ashyq)
blessian - to bless (bata berý)
balistan - to bless (bata berý)
blad – fruit (jemis)
the blade (ustapa)
balidan, balandan - to grow (ócy)
basing - a pallium, a chlamys (mantııa)
basuian - to be clothed in purple (kúlgin tústi kıim kııý)
baz - a habit, rich dress (daǵdy, qymbat kıim)
bered - vexed (ashýly)
barat - disgusted tired (tıtyqtap sharshaý)
beard - a beard (saqal)
barbar - a barber (shashtarazshy)
breost - the breast (keýde)
bistan - the breast (keýde)
bysmor - infamy (uıat)
bazat - a crime (qylmys)
basaj - depravity (betimen ketýshilik)
bysgu - business (bıznes)
bishing - business (bıznes)
bile - the beak, the bill (tumsyq)
bull - the beak (tumsyq)
bio - I exist (men tirimin)
bud - existence (tirshilik etý)
benn - a wound (jaraqat)
bunawar - a sore (aýrý)
bil - a mattock (soqa)
blowan - to flower (gúldeý)
bilak - a flower (gúl)
bidan - to expect, to await (kútý)
bidar - watching (baqylaý)
bidari - vigilance (saqtyq)
byld - firmness (beriktik)
bilah - firm (berik)
bend - a bond (túıin)
band - a band, a chain (beldeý, shynjyr)
bendan - to bind (baılaý, tańý)
bandan, bandidan - to bind (baılaý)
bold - a town (qala)
balad - a city (qala)
bolt - a house (úı)
bulud - a dwelling (turaq)
byan - to inhabit (turý)
binland - cultivated land (óńdelgen jer)
bingha - a dwelling (turaq)
beam - the sunbeam (kún cáyleci)
beamian - to beam (sáýle shashý)
bam - the morning (erteńgisin)
sifer, pure, chaste (buzylmaǵan, taza)
saf - pure (taza, saf)
safa - purity (tazalyq)
samod - together, in like manner (bipge)
saehim - a partner (ápiptec)
mirran - to hinder (kedergi bolý, kepi tartý)
maraw - go not (barma)
marang -a bar (bar, ishimdik pen tiske basar satatyn oryn)
man - wickedness (ońbaǵandyq)
mang - cheating, a thief (ury)
mona - the moon (aı)
mang - the moon (aı)
maden - a maiden (qyzmetshi áıel)
madah - a female (áıel)
moder - mother (ana)
madar - mother (ana)
mara - the night-mare (qubyjyq)
mar - sick (naýqas, aýrý)
ima - pay, reward, tribute (tólem, mal, ececin qaıtarý)
malwar - rich (baı, maldy)
maldar - a rich man (baı adam)
mani - many (kóp)
mali - many (kóp)
morth - death (ólim, mert bolý)
murda - dead (ólgen, mert bolǵan)
morther - murder (ólim)
murdan - to die (ólý, mert bolý)
mearc - a limit (shek)
marz - a limit (shek)
mus - a mouse (tyshqan)
murz - a mouse (tyshqan)
must - new wine (jas sharap)
mustar - new wine (jas sharap)
na - not (joq, emes)
nah - not (joq, emes)
naegl - a nail (shege, tyrnaq)
nakhun - a nail (shege)
nafel - the navel (kindik)
nal - the navel (kindik)
nama - a name (ecim, nam)
nam - a name (ecim, nam)
iameutha - illustrious (ataqty, belgili)
nami - illustrious (belgili)
necca - the neck (moıyn)
nojat - the collar (jaǵa)
neow - new (jańa)
no - new (jańa)
nu - now (qazip)
nun - now (qazip)
nigan - nine (toǵyz)
nuh - nine (toǵyz)
hol - health (densaýlyq)
hal - quiet, firmness (bepiktik)
hare - hoary (jasy kelgen, samaıy aǵarǵan)
harid - venerable (jasy kelgen, kári)
isa - ice (muz)
hasir - ice (muz)
earn - I am (men, menmin)
hayam - I am (men, menmin)
iuc - a yoke (buǵay)
yugh - a yoke (buǵay)
rad - a road (jol)
rah - a road (jol)
reste - quiet (tynysh)
rast - secure (qaýipsiz)
duru - a door (esik)
dar - a door (ecik)
deni - slaughter (soıý)
dam - a groan, black blood (qara qan)
dim - obscure (kúńgirt)
damah - a cloud (bult)
gabban - to deride (kelemejdeý)
ghab -a foolish bitter expression (tyrjııý)
gaf - loquacious (myljyń)
guftan - speech, to relate (sóıleý)
cu - a cow (sıyr)
go - a cow (sıyr)
gers - grass (shóp)
gryah - grass (shóp)
gifr - greedy (pes)
guri - avarice (pes)
faeen - fraud (aldaý)
faj - a lie (ótipik)
sum - some (bipaz)
suman -a little (kishkentaı)
reel - prosperity (gúldený, damý)
salaf - luxurious (qymbat, baı)
steorra - a star (juldyz)
sitarah - a star (juldyz)
losewest - deception (aldaý)
losidan - to deceive (aldaý)
leogan - to tell a lie (ótipik aıtý)
lay - lying (ótirik aıtý)
hlogun - they laughed (olar kúldi)
lagh - a jest, lot, praise (maqtaý)
laf - praise (maqtaý)
lufa - love (mahabbat)
laheb - love (mahabbat)
lam - lame (aqsaq)
lam - crooked (qyńyr)
lang - lame (aqsaq)
lippa - the lip (epin)
law - the lip (epin)
laf - the remainder (qaldyq)
lab - remaining (qaldyq)
less - the less (kem, az)
lash - small (kishkentaı)
lar - learning (úırený)
lur - ability (qabilet)
lust - delight (lázzat aly)
lustan - to sport (qaljyńdaý)
lust - luxuriousness (baılyqqa malyný)
lashan - nice, soft (ádemi, jumsaq)
blyd - tumult (ý-shý)
hlydan - to rage, to make a noise (shýlaý)
lud - furious altercation (sóz qaqtyǵystyrý)
list - knowledge (bilim)
listum - skilfully (iskerlikpen)
lazir - clever (aqyldy)
thu - thou (sen)
to - thou (sen)
thinan - to decline, to become thin (aryqtaý)
tanik - thin (juqa)
tinterg - torment (qınaý, qınalý)
tang - tight (tar)
tintregan - to torture (qorlaý)
tangi - anguish (qorlyq)
tawian - to cultivate (óńdeý)
tan - an inhabitant (turǵyn)
teman - to teem, to bring forth abundantly (qaptap ketý, quıylý)
toma - twins (egizder)
wen - hope (úmit)
awanidan - to hope (úmittený)
wenan - to expect (kútý)
awanidan - to expect (kútý)
ysel - a spark (jarqyl)
azar - fire (ot)
raene - pride, glorying (namys, lázzat alý)
awrang - power, glory (bılik, lázzat)
ae - a law (zań)
aym - a law (zań)
paeca -a deceiver (aldamshy)
pak - vile (jeksuryn)
paecan - to deceive (aldaý)
pakh - ingratitude (jaqsylyqty bilmeıtin, qaıyrymsyzdyq)
paeth - a path, a footway (jalǵyzaıaq jol)
pay - pa, a footstep (adym)
pal - a stake (qazyq)
palar - a beam of wood (bip top aǵash, orman)
paell - colour (tús, boıaý)
paludan - to besmear (múńsý)
pyndan - to shut up, impound (qamap qoıý)
pynding - a fettering (shynjyr, qurcay)
paywand - a chain, a shackle (shynjyr, tusaý)
to - to (qaraı)
ta - to (qaraı)
taer - a tear (kózdiń jasy)
tar - moist (shyq, dym)
tarb - torture (qorlyq)
taeran - to tear (jyrtý)
tarakidan - to split (jarý, otyn jarý)
telan - to tell (aıtý)
talagh - a voice (daýys)
teiss - affliction (baqytsyzdyq, aýrý)
tasah - grief (qaıǵy)
teisse - a stripe (jolaq)
tazyanah - a scourge (qamshy)
tir - a lord, tir, a chief (bastyq)
tir - glory (lázzat)
tur - a hero, bright (batyr, aqyldy)
siofotha - bran (kebek)
sapos - bran (kebek)
seel - time (ýaqyt)
sal - a year (jyl)
seepah - age (jas)
suli - a plough (soqa)
sac - discord, quarrel (jańjaldasý)
sakht – violent, stubborn (aıtqanynan qaıtpaıtyn)
sur - surig, sour (ay)
sirka - sirkah, vinegar (cipke sýy)
salh - a willow (jastyq)
salah - a wicker-basket (toqylǵan sebet)
sorg – sorrow (sor, muń)
sog - grief (qaıǵy)
sugwar - sorrowful (qaıǵyly)
sol, solen - a shoe, a sandal (aıaqkıim, sandal)
salu -a coarse shoe (qarapaıym aıaqkıim)
supwah - a shoe (aıaqkıim)
sole - the sole (ultan)
sul - the sole (ultan, taban)
thunar - thunder (kúnniń kúrkireýi)
tundra - thunder (kúnniń kúrkireýi)
thunrian, to thunder (kúrkireý)
tundidan - to thunder (kúrkireý)
tan - a bud (búrshik)
tundra - the bud of a leaf (japyraqtyń búrshigi)
Aıta ketetin bip jaı “sc” tańbalary kezdesetin aǵylshyn-saksondyq sózderdiń barlyǵy nemese túgelge jýyǵy bizdiń qazipgi aǵylshyn tilimizde qoldanylady. Bipaq olardyń barlyǵyn bizder “sh” tańbalarymen almastyryp oqyp-jazyp júrmiz. Máselen, aǵylshyn-saksondardyń sceap, scyp, sco, scine jáne sceam degen sózderi bizdiń tilimizde sheep, ship, shoe, shine nemese shame bolyp oqylyp-jazylady. Bipaq “sh” álgi sózderdiń o bastaǵy dybystalýymen baılanysty bizdiń baıyrǵy babalarymyz shartty týrde “s” áppimen shatastyrmas úshin “sc” túrinde “sh” degen dybystyń ornyna paıdalanǵan orfografııalyq tańbasy ma, joq álde kez kelgen tildegi sııaqty ártúrli sebeptermen bipte-birte ózgeriske ushyrap, sol sebepti basqasha jazylýy ma, bul jaǵyn kecip aıtý qıyn. Biraq, parsy tilinde de “sc” tańbalarynyń ornyna “sh” tańbalary qoldanylatyn sózder kezdesedi.
sea - excellent (óte jaqsy)
shadbash - excellent (óte jaqsy)
seama - shame, bashfulnes (uıat)
sharm - shame, bashfulness (uıat)
shama - naked (jalańash)
sceaming - confusion (shatasý, casyp qalý)
shamidan - to be confounded (oılanyp qalý)
sceaphan - to shape, to put in order (retke keltirý)
shaplidan - to smooth (jatyq etý)
sceaft - a shaft, an arrow (jebe)
shaftu - a quiver (selt ete qalý)
sceaft - a point (bip nárseniń ushy)
shafar - the edge (shet)
sceawian - to see (kórý)
shuwaz - the eye (kóz)
Bul eki tildiń arasyndaǵy men baıqaǵan basqa uqsastyqtar
mynalar:
faegan - glad (qýanysh, qýaný)
farghan - gladness (qýanysh)
faeran - to go (barý, júrý)
feridan - to walk (jaıaý júrý)
faroth - a journey (saıahat)
faraz - progress (alǵa basý)
fyr - fire (alaý, ot)
faroz - inflaming (bórtý)
ferhth - the mind (oı, sana)
farzah -wisdom, knowledge (aqyl, bilim)
ferht - fear, fright (qorqynysh)
farasha - dread, trembling (dirildeý)
Zend tili men sakson tilderiniń jarııalanǵan jazba nusqalarynan
men tapqan uqsastyqtar tómendegideı:
beran - to bear (kóterý, alyp júrý)
bereete - to bear (kóterý, alyp júrý)
ba - both (ekeýi de)
betim - the second (ekinshi)
the - thee (sen)
te - thee (sen)
eahta - eight (segiz)
aschte - eight (cegiz)
dochter - daughter (qyz)
dogde - daughter (qyz)
dohte - he did (ol istedi)
daschte - he did (ol istedi)
steorran - stars (juldyzdar)
staranm - stars (juldyzdar)
frend - friend (joldas)
frem - a friend (joldas)
feder - a father (áke)
mid - with [-men/-ben/-pen – jalǵaýlyq]
mad - with [-men (jalǵaýlyq)]
meder - mother (ana, sheshe)
mediehe - mother (ana)
medo - mead (bal)
medo - wine (sharap)
me - me (men)
man - me (men)
metan - to measure (ólsheý, pishy)
meete - measure (ólsheý)
med - a recompense (ornyn toltyrý, qaıtarý)
mejdem - a recompense (ornyn toltyrý, qaıtarý)
maest - chief (bastyq)
meze - meso, great (úlken, uly)
micle - much (kóp)
mesche - much (kóp)
mecg - a man (er adam)
meschio - a man (er adam)
mal - more (kóbirek)
mae - great (úlken)
na - not (joq, emes)
noued - not (joq, emes)
nafel - the navel (kindik)
nafo - the navel (kindik)
we - an oak (emen aǵashy)
hekhte - an acorn (emenniń jańǵaǵy)
hera - a lord (taqsyr, laýazymy bıik adam)
heretoge - a chief (bastyq)
herete - a chief (bastyq)
paeth – a path (súrleý, jol)
petho - a way (jol)
purl - pure (taza)
peratche - pure (taza)
uppa - above (joǵary, ústinde)
upper - above (ústinde)
opero - above (ústinde)
threo - three (úsh)
thre - three (úsh)
thrydde - the third (úshinshi)
thretim - the third (úshinshi)
thu - thou (sen)
thvanin - thou (sen)
bane - a floor, a board (eden, taqtaı)
baenthro - a floor, a board (eden, taqtaı)
rot - splendid (tamasha, kórkem)
rof - illustrious (kórnekti, belgili)
erode - illustrious (kórnekti, belgili)
astandan - to subsist (tirshilik etý)
asteouao - existence (tirshilik)
beoth - they are (olar)
beouad - he is (ol)
beo - be it (bolý)
boiad - be it (bolý)
theof - a thief (ury)
teio - a great thief (baýkespe ury)
dreori - dreary (bulyńǵyr)
drezre -a desert (shól dala)
death - death (ólim)
dajed - he is no more (ol ólgen)
rewa - order (ret, tártip)
reso - he puts in order (ol retteıdi)
reswian - to reason (aqylǵa keltirý)
razann - intelligent (parasatty)
froe - a lord (laýazymy joǵary adam, lord)
frethem - greatness (ulylyq)
guast - the spirit (jan)
gueie - the soul (jan)
mende - he mentioned (ol dedi, aıtty)
manthre - words (sózder)
midda - middle (ortasy)
meiao - middle (ortasy)
morth - death (ólim, ajal)
mrete - mortal (ajaldy)
merran - to mar (búldirý)
merekhsch - to destroy (joıý)
gear - year (jyl)
yare - year (jyl)
earmth - poverty (kedeılik)
armete - humility (moıynsuný)
starian - to look at (qaraý, kóz tastaý)
astriete - he sees (ol kóredi, qaraıdy)
ba - both (ekeýi de)
bee - two (eki) singan, to say (sóıleý, deý)
senghan - a sword (qylysh)
scir sheer, pure (taza)
srere - pure (taza)
snid - a cut (kesindi)
snees - he strikes (ol urady)
seon - to see (kórý)
sodern - to see (kórý)
gnad - he bruised (ol kógertip qoıdy)
ghnad - he strikes (ol urady)
athe - easy (jeńil)
achiato - easy (jeńil)
scina - shina, brilliant (jarqyraý, gayhap tas)
scheeto - brilliant (gayhap tas)
Endi atalmysh Qoǵamnyń nazaryna Anquetil myrzanyń ecki
qoljazbalarynyń negizinde qurastyrylyp basylǵan pehlevı
tiliniń qysqasha cózdiginen ózim tapqan myna bip uqsas sózderdi
usynamyn:
bonda - one bound (bip býma)
bandeh - a slave (qul)
nam-cutha - famous (ataqty)
nameh - famous (ataqty)
starian - to look at (qaraý)
astared - he sees (ol kóredi)
halig - holy (kıeli)
halae, pure (taza)
eahta - eight (segiz)
ascht - eight (segiz)
sare - troublesome (mazasyz)
sareh, wicked (ońbaǵan)
morth - death (ólim)
marg - mortal (ajaldy)
a-marg - immortal (máńgi ólmes)
thu - thai (sen)
tou - thou (sen)
sex - six (alty)
sese - six (alty)
bysmor - opprobrium (masqara)
besche - wicked (ońbaǵan)
suht - languor (jaıbaraqattyq)
satoun - weak (álsiz)
dom - legal judgment (zańdy úkim shyǵapy)
din - law (zań)
reason - to attach (tirkeý)
resch - a wound (jaraqat)
secgan - to say (deý, sóıleý)
sokhan - a word (sóz)
gaf - loquacious (sózsheń)
goft - he said (ol dedi)
ofer - over, above (joǵary jaǵynda, ústinde)
avvar - above (ústinde)
dem - slaughter (soıyp tastaý)
damma - blood (qan)
med - recompense (ornyn toltyrý)
mozd - recompense (ornyn toltyrý)
cneou - knee (tizerleý, tize)
djanouh - knee (tize, tizerleý)
steorran - stars (juldyzdar)
setaran - stars (juldyzdar)
setnian - to be in ambush (torǵa túsý)
sater - war (coǵyc)
sceacan - shakan, to shake, to pluck (shaıqaý, silký)
schekest - he breaks (ol syndyrady)
athe - easy (jeńil)
asaneh - easy (jeńil)
cu - cow (sıyr)
gao - ox or cow (ógiz nemese sıyr)
ma - more (taǵy da, kóbirek)
men - great (úlken, uly)
bar - bare (jalańash, jalań)
barhene - naked (jalańash)
morth - death (ólim)
mourd - he dies (ol óledi)
mourdeh - mortal (ajaldy)
meder - mother (ana)
amider - mother (ana)
nafel - the navel (kindik)
naf - the navel (kindik)
na - not (joq, emes)
bog - a branch (butaq)
barg - a leaf (japyraq)
purl, pure (taza, móldir)
partan - pure (taza)
agytan - to understand (túsiný)
agah - understanding (túsiný)
as - an oak (emen aǵashy)
akht - an acorn (emenniń jańǵaǵy)
brader - brother (baýyr, ini, aǵa)
berour - brother (baýyr, ini, aǵa)
bye - a habitation (turaq, úı)
bita - a house (úı)
secg - a little sword (kishkene qylysh)
saex - a knife (pyshaq)
sakina -a knife (pyshaq)
clypian - to call out (shaqyrý)
cald - called (shaqyrdy)
kala - crying out (aıǵaılaý)
mare - greater (úlkenirek)
mar - great (úlken)
necan - to kill (óltiry)
naksounan - I kill (óltiremin)
band - a joining (qosylý)
banda - a band (beldik)
raed - a road (jol)
raeh - a way (jol)
eortha - earth (jer)
arta - earth (jer)
Persııanyń ózim zerttegen baıyrǵy jáne osy zamanǵy úsh tilinen tapqandarymdy qoryta kele, maǵan mynadaı oı keledi. Álgilerdegi aǵylshyn-sakson tilimen baılanysty barlyq uqsastyqtardy tereńirek zertteı tússe, budan da beter
jaqyndyqtyń beti ashylar edi. Biraq joǵaryda keltirilgen mysaldardyń ózi de bizdiń babalarymyzdyń o bastaǵy geografııalyq tegi Kaspıı men Persııa aımaqtarynda jatyr degen pikirdi quptaýǵa jetkilikti ǵoı dep oılaımyn. Al qazir bizder baıyrǵy babalarymyz alǵash qonys aýdarǵan zamannan kóptegen ǵasyr alǵa ilgerilep kettik. Sondyqtan, osy keltirgen derekterden kúshtirek aıǵaq tabý múmkindigi óte shekteýli dep oılaımyn»,- dep aıaqtaıdy Sharon Týrner óz maqalasyn (kýrsıv bizdiki – Á.A.).
Tek osy maqalasynda ǵana emes, Sharon Týrner eń aldymen 1799-1805 jyldar aralyǵynda jaryqqa shyǵarǵan «Aǵylshyn-Saksondyqtardyń tarıhy» (“History of the Anlo-Saxons”) atty 4 tomdyq shyǵarmasynda aǵylshyndar men saksondyqtardyń arǵy teginiń o bastan-aq saqtardan taraǵandyǵyna esh kúmán keltirmegen bolatyn. Endeshe dál osy tusta Sharon Týrner tilge tıek etken joǵarydaǵy derek kózderin negizge ala otyryp, oqyrman nazaryn myna bir paıymǵa aýdarsaq jón bolar dep oılaımyn. Menińshe, aǵylshyndar men saksondyqtardyń arǵy tegi saqtardan bastaý alady degen dáıekti tujyrymdy tek aǵylshyndarmen ǵana nemese saksondyqtarmen ǵana shekteýge bolmaıtyn syńaıly. Óıtkeni, bul paıymnyń Eýropa qurlyǵyndaǵy tilderi german tobyna kiretin ózge halyqtarǵa da, dálirek aıtqanda, ortalyq Eýropadaǵy nemisterge de, soltústik Eýropadaǵy skandınavııalyqtarǵa, ıaǵnı norvegterge, dattarǵa jáne shvedterge de tikeleı qatysy bar ekenin esten shyǵarmaǵan jón bolar. Sebebi nemister de, skandınavııalyq norvegter de, shvedter de, dattar da o bastan-aq, aǵylshyn- saksondyqtarmen genetıkalyq jáne lıngvıstıkalyq turǵydan týystas ári tamyrlas halyqtar ekendigi eshbir dáleldi kerek etpeıdi, óıtkeni bul tujyrym ǵylymda áldeqashan túıindelgen.
Ádil AHMETOV
